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On 2026-03-15 at 19:53 ADT,
bp@www.zefox.net <
bp@www.zefox.net> wrote:
> Jim Diamond <
zsd@jdvb.ca> wrote:
>> Yes, but that has nothing much to do with the OP`s plan to put /usr on its
>> own partition. He didn`t indicate where /home was going, but if he puts it
>> on the root partition, he can still fill that up. And if /var is on /root,
>> also problems.
>> Which is why I was curious about why he wants to a separate /usr partition.
> Since you ask...8-)
Thanks. :-)
> On rare occasions my 8GB Pi5 slowed to a crawl. Eventually I realized it
> was happening when I had two browsers (firefox and chromium) both running
> with too many tabs open. The system was short of memory. It needed swap
> to cope this those occasions.
So far, I follow you.
> Hardware swap is _supposed_ to be faster than a swap partition, which
> made it, at least in principle, more attractive. Also, in principle, a
> physical swap partition can be placed _between_ (in the sense of seek
> stroke) /uar and /, minimizing the amount of head movevent. This was true
> in the days of st506 disks, I`m not sure how true it is with SATA. So, I
> inquired about how this might be done under RasPiOS. It`s not hurgely
> hard under FreeBSD and I thought there might be some nifty tools for the
> purpose in RasPiOS.
Assuming you are using a mechanical disk (I don`t think you said anywhere,
did you?), there is some (a smallish?) gain to be had for minimizing head
movement. If you are using an SSD through some SATA-USB dongle, then you
can completely forget about worrying where on the disk to put swap... the
end is fine.
Carrying on with the assumption that you are using a mechanical disk...
Someone else already pointed out that /sbin is (on Raspberrry Pi OS and
many others) just yet another sym link. On current systems where /bin is
just a link to /usr/bin, except for occasional updates for log files, I
doubt that your system would be accessing / (the "without /usr" version of
/) very often. (Unless your /tmp is not a tmpfs and you are using /tmp a
lot, for whatever reason.)
You also didn`t tell us where /home is going to be. Were you thinking
of having it on its own partition? That decision may be more significant
than any possible benefit from separating /usr from /.
> The answers received have now led me to question the orignal premises.
> No nifty tools have come to light. The relative speed of
> file-vs-hardware swap haven`t been quantified. The need for occasional
> swap use remains, but it`s sporadic. Maybe a swapfile is good
> enough.... it`s certainly easier.
That is true.
> It was a surprise to learn that a single partition is somehow required
> for RasPiOS to function correctly. If true, it`s a good thing to know.
You mean "a single partition for / and /usr" ?
I`m not sure that it is required, but I wouldn`t be surprised if having
/usr on its own partition caused problems. But I`m happy to be educated
about that!
>> Back in the good old days there were enough programs in /bin (which was an
>> actual directory, not a link to /usr/bin) to recover a system with disk
>> errors (when possible, anyway). But now that /bin is a link, I wonder if
>> the system will even boot properly, since "user space" would have to mount
>> /usr before almost all (all?) programs are available. Including systemd.
> Given that RasPiOS has an /sbin directory, I`m pretty sure the machine
> will come up at worst in single-user if /usr can`t be mounted normally.
See above.
> Whether /home/, /var/ and /tmp/ can be links to /usr is less clear to
> me at this point.
/home certainly can, and if /usr gets mounted "early enough" during boot,
maybe /var and /tmp can be too. But if you do that, you now have a
minuscule amount of stuff sitting there by itself on /, and I can`t imagine
the benefit of having swap between "almost nothing" and "almost everything".
> The original plan would have left the machine with a /root of around
> 100GB and a /usr of around 800GB so running out of space isn`t a problem.
OK. I thought it your original message you said something about making /
as small as possible.
>> OP, where are you... ?
> Busy trying to drink from a firehose 8-)
Tricky to not drown. Although I`ve seen dogs trying to drink from garden
hoses, it might just be a matter of scale.
Cheers.
Jim
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