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On Friday, August 18, 2023 at 7:16:35 PM UTC+1, a425couple wrote:
> It is best to go to the citation to see the artwork.
>
> from
>
https://www.medievalists.net/2023/08/great-medieval-rulers/
>
> `The Great` Medieval Rulers
>
> Many rulers of the medieval era got nicknames, ranging from the
> Magnificent to the Crazy. Some monarchs even got the title `The Great`.
> What did they do to deserve such an honour? Here is a guide to 20
> `Great` medieval rulers, arranged chronologically.
>
> Theoderic, King of the Ostrogoths
>
> Theodoric depicted in a 12th-century German manuscript. Leiden
> University Library, Ms. vul. 46. fol. 186
> The King of Ostrogoths for over fifty years (475-526) he led his people
> into Italy, conquered the country, and established his own kingdom based
> out of Ravenna. His reign marked a return to prosperity for much of the
> Italian peninsula.
>
> Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor
>
> Mosaic of Justinian I Detail of a contemporary portrait mosaic in the
> Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna
> Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565 - his reign saw an attempt to restore
> the Roman Empire, with military campaigns launched against Persia, North
> Africa, Italy and Spain. While he is also known for his extensive
> judicial reforms and for the construction of new buildings, Justinian
> was almost driven from power by civilian riots in Constantinople, and
> his reputation among contemporary writers of this period was mixed. See
> also: "The Great Emperor": A Motif in Procopius of Caesarea`s Wars
>
> Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor
> Charlemagne as emperor on this coin - Photo PHGCOM
> Charlemagne as emperor on this coin - Photo PHGCOM
> The name Charlemagne comes from Karolus Magnus, or Charles the Great. He
> became King of the Franks in 768, and for the next 46 years would build
> the Carolingian Empire, and become the first Emperor in Western Europe
> in about three centuries. See also: The Scholar and the King: The story
> of Alcuin and Charlemagne
>
> Alfred, King of Wessex
>
> King Alfred, MS Royal 14 B VI
> English king from 871 to 899 - he successfully defended his kingdom from
> Viking attacks, promoted education and learning, and instituted legal
> reforms. Click here to read more about his life and reign.
>
> Alfonso III, King of Le?n, Galicia and Asturias
>
> Miniature (c. 1118) from the archives of Oviedo Cathedral showing
> Alfonso III flanked by his queen, Jimena (left), and his bishop, Gomelo
> II (right).
> King of Le?n, Galicia and Asturias from 866 to 910. During his long
> reign, Alfonso was able to consolidate power over northern Spain and had
> numerous military victories over Islamic and Christian opponents.
>
> Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
>
> Otto I depicted in an early 11th century manuscript - D?sseldorf,
> Universit?ts- und Landesbibliothek, Ms.C 91, (verschollen), fol. 3r
> After becoming King of Germany in 936, Otto would work to establish
> greater authority over his aristocracy. In 955 he defeated the Magyars
> at the Battle of Lechfeld, one of the most important battles of the
> tenth century. Otto followed this victory with the conquest of Italy. In
> 961 he was crowned the King of Italy, and the following year he became
> the Holy Roman Emperor. Otto died in 973, having started an era known as
> the `Ottonian Renaissance`.
>
> Vladimir Sviatoslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev
>
> Baptism of Vladimir depicted in the Radzivill Chronicle from the 15th
> century.
> After killing his half-brother, Yaropolk I, Vladimir ruled as Grand
> Prince of Kiev from 980 to 1015. His conversion to Christianity in 988
> was an important moment in the Christianization of Kievan Rus, and he is
> considered a national symbol by both Ukraine and Russia.
>
> Rajaraja I, King of Anuradhapura and Chola Emperor
>
> A Mural of Rajaraja I at Brihadisvara Temple. Photo by Junykwilfred /
> Wikimedia Commons
> Coming to power in the year 985, this `King of Kings` created a naval
> force that dominated the Indian Ocean. His conquests include much of
> southern India. Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Under his administration,
> the Chola Empire grew wealthy as it took control of maritime trade
> between East Asia and the Middle East.
>
> Sancho III, King of Pamplona, Count of Aragon
>
> Sancho depicted in a 16th century manuscript - British Library
> Although he was only about 12 years old when he became the ruler of a
> very minor kingdom in 1004, Sancho had the ambition to take control of
> Christian Iberia. He was able to take over the kingdoms of Castile and
> Leon, as well as the French Duchy of Gascony, and force the Count of
> Barcelona to be his vassal. By the time of his death in 1035, Sancho was
> known as `rex Hispaniarum`.
>
> Cnut, King of Denmark, England and Norway
>
> Beginning with England in 1016, Cnut was able to gain the crowns of
> three countries (Denmark in 1018 and Norway in 1028). By the time of his
> death in 1035, he had established a Scandinavian empire. See also: The
> Changing Story of Cnut and the Waves
>
> Roger II, King of Sicily
>
> Detail of the mosaic with Roger II receiving the crown by Christ,
> Martorana, Palermo. The mosaic carries an inscription Rogerios Rex in
> Greek letters.
> King of Sicily from 1130 to 1154, Roger was able to take over the other
> Norman-ruled areas of Southern Italy, and successfully defend against an
> invasion from the Holy Roman Empire. His kingdom would see economic
> prosperity during his reign, as well as cultural interactions between
> Normans, Byzantines and Muslims.
>
> Valdemar I, King of Denmark
>
> Valdemar I of Denmark and Sweyn III of Denmark and Canute V of Denmark
> After nearly being killed by his cousin Sweyn III at the `Blood Feast of
> Roskilde`, Valdemar raised an army and defeated Sweyn at the Battle of
> Grathe Heath in 1157. He would go on to rule Denmark until 1182, which
> saw his country becoming a leading force in northern Europe.
>
> Berengaria, Queen of Castile and Toledo and Queen of Le?n
>
> Detail of the 13th-century cartulary of the Toxos Outos Monastery
> While she only ruled in her own name for a few weeks in the year 1217,
> Berengaria was a highly skilled leader, especially during the reign of
> her son Ferdinand III of Castile. As the power behind the throne, she
> was able to reunite the kingdoms of Le?n and Castile, making it the
> dominant force in Iberia.
>
> Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, Prince of Wales
>
> Stained glass window depicting Prince Llywelyn at St Mary`s Church,
> Trefriw, Denbighshire, Wales. Photo by Llywelyn2000 / Wikimedia Commons
> Between 1195 and 1240, Llywelyn was the dominant force in Wales. He was
> able to carve out power for himself against other Welsh leaders as well
> as against the more powerful English neighbours. Among those to bestow
> the nickname of `The Great` on Llywelyn was the 13th-century chronicler
> Matthew Paris.
>
> Peter III, King of Aragon and Valencia, Count of Barcelona and King of
> Sicily
>
> Peter III gives audience to ambassadors of Frederick II, Holy Roman
> Emperor and Michael VIII Palaiologos, demanding Peter to intervene in
> the war against Charles I of Anjou. Nuova Cronica.
> While his reign was shorter than most of the other monarchs on this list
> (Peter was King of Aragon and Valencia from 1276 to 1285, and King of
> Sicily from 1282 to 1285), it was dominated by aggressive military
> campaigns, including the conquest of southern Italy and destroying a
> French army that invaded his kingdom in 1284-5.
>
> Casimir III, King of Poland
>
> Casimir III the Great. Drawing by Jan Matejko
> Despite having come to the throne in 1333 when Poland was considered a
> weak state, Casimir was able to double the size of his kingdom by the
> end of his reign in 1370, as well as improve the economy and oversee
> legal reforms. He also founded the University of Krak?w and built Wawel
> Castle.
>
> Support Medievalists on Patreon
> Louis I, King of Hungary and Croatia and King of Poland
>
> Louis I depicted in the Chronica Hungarorum, dating from the late 15th
> century.
> King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 to 1382; King of Poland from 1370
> to 1382 - All but three years of his forty-year reign was spent in
> foreign military activities, with his kingdom expanding into the Balkans
> and gaining strong influence over European affairs. Meanwhile, Hungary
> itself was relatively peaceful and prosperous, as gold mines made the
> country and court very wealthy.
>
> Sejong, King of Joseon
>
> Statue of Sejong in Seoul, Korea - photo by AwOiSoAk KaOsIoWa /
> Wikimedia Commons
> Regarded as one of the greatest leaders in Korean history, Sejong held
> power from 1418 to 1460. Although he had some military success,
> including defeating Japanese pirates, Sejong`s claim to fame comes from
> the many reforms he made to government and society during his reign,
> which includes the promotion of Confucianism, creating a new alphabet,
> devoting resources to improving science, technology and agriculture, and
> even improving public welfare.
>
> Ewuare, Oba of Benin
>
> Bronze of Oba Ewuare I, flanked by guards. Photo by Stephencdickson /
> Wikimedia Commons
> Ewuare overthrew his brother and took control of the city-state of Benin
> in 1440. For the next 33 years, Ewuare expanded he expanded his
> territory into other parts of present-day Nigeria, making Benin City one
> of the wealthiest and most powerful places in late medieval Africa.
>
> Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow
>
> A 16th-century depiction of Ivan III.
> The Grand Prince of Moscow from 1462 to 1505. Over his 43-year reign,
> Ivan was able to triple the size of his kingdom and centralize control
> over Russia`s many small principalities.
>
> See also: The 10 Strangest Nicknames of Medieval Rulers
>
> Top Image: The Bust of Charlemagne is a reliquary from around 1350 which
> is said to contain the top part of Charlemagne`s skull. Photo by Florian
> B. Gutsch / Wikimedia Commons
>
> Related Posts
> Who were `The Great` Rulers of the Middle Ages?
> The Ostrogoths in Italy
> Alfonso the Slobberer and Ivar the Boneless: Worst Nicknames for
> Medieval Rulers
> The 10 Strangest Nicknames of Medieval Rulers
> Military and civil administration under the Emperor Maurice, 582-602 : a
> reassessment
> TAGSMEDIEVAL POLITICS
> Post navigation
A fascinating snapshot - many thanks.
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